Country: Somalia
Closing date: 10 Mar 2014
Terms of Reference for Documenting Historical & Current Rangeland Management Practices to Support Enforcement of Customary Law
Organization: CARE
Position Type: Short-term consultancy
Study/assessment: Topic Documentation of historical & current range land management practices to support Enforcement of customary law.
Duration: 50 days
Application deadline: 15th March 2014
Starting date: 15th April 2014
ORGANIZATIONAL BACKGROUND
CARE is a leading humanitarian organization fighting global poverty and providing lifesaving assistance in emergencies. Its programmes go beyond meeting basic needs at the onset of an emergency to helping affected communities recover and rebuild their lives long after the crisis ends. CARE has been providing assistance to communities in Somalia since 1981. It is implementing a variety of longer term development activities aimed at supporting the Puntland Government in the achievement of its development milestones. CARE works in partnership with the government, international NGOs, civil society, leaders and local authorities in order to bring effective and lasting change to the most vulnerable communities in Puntland.
PROJECT SUMMARY
Deegaankaagu waa noloshaada project -“Your environment is your life”, is an EU funded project that aims to combat rangeland degradation and hence contribute to MDG 1 as well as MDG 7. More specifically, improved and sustainable use of rangeland resources will contribute significantly to achieving MDG 1, target C, in Puntland State of Somalia, by bringing pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and other vulnerable rural people earning less than a dollar/day, above the poverty line. Moreover, restoration of rangelands will provide productive employment to rural populations through revived rangeland-based livelihoods and Cash for Work opportunities.
This initiative aims to reduce hunger and food insecurity in the Puntland State of Somalia by improving rangeland conditions, promoting sustainable use of rangeland resources, empowering local communities and strengthening institutional capacity of the Ministry of Environment to develop and implement a policy and operational framework for effective management of rangeland resources.
OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTANCY
The objective of this consultancy is to document the strengths & capacities of local management systems of rangelands so that subsequent support for Village Committees and Pastoralist Associations draws upon and complements these strengths and capacities rather than by-pass or over-ride them.
BACKGROUND OF THE CONSULTANCY
Customary law has always played a vital role in the management of natural resources in the arid and semi-arid areas across the Horn of Africa. Research has actually shown that customary law is not static but evolves to respond to changes in local and national context. Since the collapse of the Somalia government in 1991, many traditional forms of natural resource management and control systems were abandoned or ignored resulting to depletion of natural resource base and increase in resource-based conflicts. There are serious environmental concerns in Puntland such as wanton clearing of trees for charcoal production, active and advanced gullies that are affecting large chunks of pasture land and community infrastructures/assets as well as development of sand dunes. The degradation of rangeland conditions has significantly affected livestock production systems which are a major source of livelihood and the back bone to the economy of Puntland. This assignment is designed to document both current and historical community-based land use management systems and the role of the customary law as a control mechanism in order to inform the design of other activities.
This activity is meant to help the Puntland government and local communities to re-invigorate these traditional systems, clarify the rules, find out ways to enforce them better at village level and form the basis for scaling up these xeer-based (custom-based) systems to national level legislation.
SCOPE OF WORK
CARE is seeking the services of a reputable consultant with vast skills in customary-based resource management practices to document historical & current rangeland management practices to support development and implementation of an environmental law in Puntland. The consultancy will be conducted in close consultation with all relevant stakeholders, such as the MOEWT staff, regional and District authorities, Village committees (VCs) Pastoral Associations (PAs), local leaders, women, youth and project staffs. The consultant is expected to:
- Review all relevant existing studies/documents on rangeland management practices in Puntland and other relevant custom-based rangeland management practices.
- Consult all relevant stakeholders in rangeland management such as traditional clan elders, local leaders, MOEWT staff, regional and District authorities, Village committees (VCs) & Pastoral Associations (PAs) to identify traditional custom (xeer) based strategies (both past and current) used in:
I. The management of rangelands and other communal natural resources (water, wildlife & minerals).
II. The management and resolution of communal conflict arising from use of these communal rangeland resources.
- Which of the strategies identified in I &II above were helpful and could be revived for better management of rangelands and sound traditional mechanisms for conflict resolution, considering the changing cultural dynamics and livelihoods.
- Identify the roles played by the different genders and age-groups (young, adult youth, elders) with respect to rangeland resource management both in the past and current. Recommend those that can be revived to improve the current and future stewardship of rangeland resources in Puntland.
METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
The work will be conducted in each of the project villages, as it is as much an exercise to document the historical practices, as well as start local dialogue about how they can be revived and how Puntland state can build new legal frameworks on some of those traditional mechanisms. Each village will be taken through an exploration of the historical mechanisms using PRA techniques such as timeliness, mapping etc, comparing them to today’s governance approaches and agreeing on ways forward to improve the systems.
In each location, participatory research techniques will be used to develop an in-depth understanding of historical land use management practices and customary law – and how these have evolved over time. The activity will help identify the strengths & capacities of local management systems so that subsequent support for Village Committees draws upon and complements these strengths and capacities – rather than by-pass or over-riding them. This is particularly important because traditional land use management will have been based upon the institutions of clans– rather than the more recently introduced Village Committees.
The participatory research will particularly focus attention on the management of communal rangelands and controls over grazing/water points as well as customary laws governing the use of rangeland resources and other critical flora.
CONSULTANCY PERIOD
The consultancy duration will be for a period of 50 days. Consultants are required to quote days required for preparation, field work, reporting, and editing to be included in their proposal bid. All travel, accommodation and meal expenses while at field will be covered by CARE. Note that dates might change based on flight schedules to Somalia, and travel might be required over the weekend.
DELIVERABLES
(i) A report covering historical & current rangeland management practices to support the development and implementation of an environmental law in Puntland.
(ii) The report should be able to identify traditional custom (xeer)-based strategies (both past and current) used in the management of rangelands and other communal natural resources (water, wildlife etc.) as well as traditional conflict resolution mechanisms.
(iii) The report should also identify how customary law has shaped the social, economic and political systems of Puntland.
(iv) Finally, the report should be able to recommend any good management practices identified in the consultancy that could be revived for better management of rangelands and conflict resolution, while considering the changes in local and national context.
QUALIFICATIONS
A suitable candidate should have;
• A postgraduate degree in Rangeland management, Natural Resource management or any other related fields.
• A minimum of 5 years working experience in rangeland management or Natural resource management in similar ecological system.
• Familiarity with traditional rangeland management approaches as well as customary-based conflict management and mediation techniques.
• Excellent analytical skills
• Ability to work in a team and willingness to travel to remote areas
• Good Somali language skills and ability to understand the context
• Previous work experience with the Puntland Government institutions and familiar with government/community structures and processes.
How to apply:
Applications should be submitted between :Thursday 20th February 2014- Monday 10 march 2014 12:00 am . All applicants must meet the minimum requirements described above, and those unable to meet these requirements will not be considered. CARE is an equal opportunity employer. Each application package should include the following: • An application letter addressing the selection criteria including how the consultant’s previous experience matches the consultancy objectives as well as the interest for the position • Technical and financial proposal with a clear work plan indicating the candidate’s availability and consultancy rates. • A sample of similar work. • Updated CV including relevant work experience and qualifications. • Contact details of 2 references. Applications not including all of the above information will not be reviewed. All applications should be sent to consultants@som.care.org with the subject line: “DOCUMENTING HISTORICAL & CURRENT RANGELAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN PUNTLAND”